RESUMO
Objective: This study was designed to evaluate the effect of Typhoid fever on the serum levels of electrolytes in patients attending Minna General Hospital, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Blood samples were obtained from sixty patients with established typhoid fever attending General Hospital Minna, Nigeria. Serum sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate levels were determined in the samples using Spectrophotometric method. The case studies included 15 adult males and 15 adult females; 15 male and 15 female children of junior secondary school age (9 – 14 years). Widal test was carried out to ascertain the presence of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi. Results: The mean ± standard deviations of serum Na+, K+, Cl-, and HCO3- in the sixty patients were 116.11±20.65 mmol/L; 3.40±0.90 mmol/L; 87.13±16.34 mmol/L; and 24.10±5.54 mmol/L respectively. When compared with the controls and the laboratory reported normal values, 50% of the patients were found to be hyponatraemic, 51% were hypochloraemic, 36% were hypokalaemic, while 11% had metabolic acidosis. Results based on sex showed insignificant differences between males and females for all electrolytes determined (p< 0.05). Insignificant differences were also observed between children and adult patients for all parameters determined (p< 0.05). In addition, weak positive correlations were observed between cations and anions determined in this study. Conclusion: The results obtained in this study showed that electrolytes’ abnormalities exist in patients with established typhoid fever attending General Hospital Minna, Niger state, Nigeria.
RESUMO
Aim: To investigate In vitro antibacterial activity and in vivo toxicological studies of aqueous extract of Nelsonia campestris. Study Design: Experimental design. Methodology: Standard laboratory procedures were used. Results and Discussion: The extract was highly active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia and moderately active against Bacillus subtilis and Shigella dysenteriae with inhibition diameters in the range of (20 mm-30 mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) recorded for the extract ranges between (80-90) mg/ml, and (70-90) mg/ml respectively. 100, 500, 1000, 2000 and 500 mg/kg bodyweight of the extract were orally administered to rats in their respective groups, while 0.5 ml of normal saline was administered to the rats in the control group for a period of one week. At the end of the experiment, the animals were anaesthetized under chloroform, and sacrificed. Blood samples were collected by jugular puncture and used for the analyses of biochemical and haematological parameters. The packed cell volume (PCV) in 100 mg/kg bodyweight group increased (38.0±1.00) in reference to other groups. Red blood cell, and white blood cell also increased significantly (p<0.05) when compared with the control group. Total protein decreased (p>0.05) in all the treated groups in reference to the control. Activities of Aspartate transaminase (AST) increased in all groups in a dose dependent manner while that of alanine transaminase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) decreased but showing increase in the same dose dependent fashion. Triglyceride increased significantly (p<0.05) in all groups, while cholesterol decreased in all groups. Urea increased significantly in a dose dependent manner when compared to the control group while creatinine decreased in the same way. Conclusion: Aqueous extract of Nelsonia campestris has activity against the microbes resulting from the suppression of immunity by morbillivirus, but with mild toxicity to kidney, and liver.